Unit 6 Chapters 22/23
How was industrialization on the continent different from industrialization in Britain?Continental industrialization happened after Britain Europeans borrowed technology from the British Demand for cheap, industrial goods was less on Continent than in Britain Continental economies geared more toward domestic than foreign markets What were the main ideas of Karl Marx?world is divided into classes, the workers and the richer capitalists who exploit the workers, there is a class conflict that should ultimately result in socialism (workers own means of production), and then communism (stateless, classless society) How did the belief that the world should be viewed realistically manifest itself in the following places?Science:Laws of Thermodynamics Materialism Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution Louis Pasteur and Germs and Pasteurization New surgical practices (anesthesia) New public health measures New medical schools Art:Desire to depict the everyday life of ordinary people Interest in the natural environment Gustave Courbet Jean-Francois Millet Literature:Deliberate rejection of romanticism Wanted to deal with ordinary characters rather than Romantic heroes avoided flowery and sentimental language preferred the novel over poems Gustave Flaubert Charles Dickens What was the second Industrial Revolution?period when advances in steel production, electricity, and petroleum Bessemer Process Explain the impact of each of the following:Bessemer Process:first inexpensive process for mass-production of steel Mass Production:division of labor and increased prevalence of machines in factories Electricity:made stuff go brrr steam machine -> electricity Chemicals:factories made sulfuric acid Telegraph:made long-distance communication easier Steamship:they went fast and went against the current so it made shipping cheaper and easier Streetcars/ trolleys:let city dwellers move to new suburbs and made travel easy and allowed people to travel greater distances to work and shop city layouts changed Telephones:again, made long-distance communication easier and it was faster and easier to understand than telegraph Internal Combustion Engines:used heavy oil instead of gasoline and was more efficient used in locomotives, heavy machinery, and submarines Airplane:made world more easily travelable Radioallowed the masses to hear news as it happened Railroads:allowed people to move around the country faster Refrigerated Railcars:"reefers" bridged distance between production and selling Ice boxes:let people store perishable food for longer Bicycles:horses -> bikes most efficient means of transportation Leisure Travel:activities less localized all classes had some form of leisure Professional and leisure sports:as transport and communication improved, rules became more standardized, teams and fans traveled, and teams played other teams from other areas Advertising:ads in tv, radio, print, online ads more widespread Department Stores:bc of ads and transportation, big retail stores emerged Catalogs:mail order catalogs were growing in popularity part of the idea of the american dream Theaters/ Opera Houses:more people could see plays and such because of improved transportation melodrama What effects did the 2nd Industrial Revolution have on European economic and social life?living conditions got better and germany perfected mass production population increased too What roles did socialist parties and labor unions play in improving conditions for the working classes?created national organization General Confederation of Labor although weak and ineffective What is a mass society and what were its main characteristics?upper class 5% of population 30-40% wealth middle class 15% of population lower class was 80% of population larger and improved urban environment What role were women expected to play in society and family life in the latter half of the 19th century? Who challenged this role?white collared jobs before "marry someone" now Maria Montessori challenges this with her "new women" lecture at the end of the century, women lived longer and had fewer children Describe patterns of family life in the 19th century.women were supposed to take care of kids because of the "wives and mothers" view of women How did life expectancy and birth rates change in the latter half of the 19th century? Why?life expectancy increased and birth rates decreased this was mainly in part bc of Montessori and better management of diseases and widespread access to clean water Compare and contrast the lives of people from the upper, middle, and lower classes.upper class 5% of population 30-40% wealth middle class 15% of population lower class was 80% of population Explain how and why governments responded to challenges resulting from Industrialization.Education:at least 2 hrs education per day for children who worked in factories Sewage and Water systems:lots of pollution due to sewage Public lighting:allowed workers to work longer hours at night and in dark places Public housing:tenements houses were small in terraced rows Urban Redesign (Paris!)produced wealth and hence, new urban buildings Parks:new artistic styles took this into account Public Transportation:bikes, trams, railroad, waterways, roads What is Anarchism? Who were its proponents?theory that govt is doing too oppressive and unnecessary and voluntary cooperation among individuals is needed Zollverein