What were the characteristics of Napoleon III's government?
Authoritarian
Napoleon was the chief of state and controlled the armed forces, police, and civil service
Legislative Corps appeared to be a representative government because its members were elected by universal male suffrage for 6 terms but it could not initiate legislation nor affect the budget
Napoleon helped strengthen France's economy and trade
Liberalization of his regime occurred (legalized trade unions, allowed opposition to his campaign to run for government seats, legislative corps had more say in the budget)
How did his foreign policy contribute to the unification of Italy and Germany?
Crimean War
Franco-Prussian War
How did the Crimean War demonstrate the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and contribute to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe?
Russia v Ottomans over protection of Christian shrines in Palestine
poorly planned and poorly fought war
costly to both sides
Broke up Concert of Europe (Austria and Russia now enemies, Britain pulled back from continental affairs)
What actions did Cavour take to unify Italy?
prime minister of Piedmont
constitutional government
fostered business enterprising
growing economy; expansion
large army
made agreement with France to take on Austria
France backed out
northern Italian states joined Piedmont to fight against Austria (nationalism)
What actions did Garibaldi take to unify Italy?
fought for unity
led volunteer army of guerilla soldiers to capture Lombardy for Piedmont and later conquered Sicily and Naples
What actions did Bismark take to unify Germany?
guided Prussia's unification with Germany
doubled the size of the army
reorganized army with parliament
active foreign policy
won 3 wars
defeated Austria, Denmark, and France
Southern German States joined the N German Confederation
Germany merged with Prussia
Explain Bismark's three Alliances
The Triple Alliance was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Italy sought support against France shortly after losing North African ambitions to the French
Explain what Realpolitik is and how Bismark used it to unify Germany.
"politics of reality"
politics based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics
parliament rejected this bill so he went about approving the bill himself
Explain the creation of the dual monarchy in Austria-Hungary
Ausgleich of 1867
good for Hungarians but minorities were left out (especially the Slavic peoples)
What effort for Reform occurred in the following locations between 1850 and 1870 and how effective were they in alleviating each nation's problems?
The Austrian Empire
1851 - revolutionary constitutions were abolished and a system of centralized autocracy was imposed
After Austria's defeat in the Italian War in 1859, Emperor Francis Joseph attempted to establish an imperial parliament (the Reichsrat) which was supposed to give a voice to all nationalities but instead it alienated minorities
Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Russia
Alexander II came to power
Emancipated the serfs in 1861 - serfs were not as free as they wanted to be
Zemstvos - local assemblies meant to give a moderate degree of self-government
reformers wanted more and rapid change
1881 - People's Will assassinated Alexander II
the ideas of Populism - the political philosophy/movement that supported the rights and power of ordinary people in their struggle against the privileged elite - spread
Great Britain
between 1850 and 1870 real wages for laborers increased more than 225%
Benjamin Disraeli - Tory leader in Parliament (conservative)
Reform Act 867 (lowered monetary requirements for voting)
William Gladstone - Liberal - opened civil service positions to competitive exams rather than patronage, introduced the secret ballot for voting, abolished the practice of purchasing military commissions
Education Act of 1870 - elementary schools available to all children
What were some events happening in North America in the second half of the 19th century and how did those events affect Europe?
What general political trends were evident in the nations of Europe in the last decades of the 19th century?
Britain
Reform Act of 1884
Listed Limited Land reform
France
created third republic by universal male suffrage
women were able to get the wounded and work at scouts
Constitution of 1875 established a bicameral legislature and a ministerial responsibility
Spain
King Alfonzo the 12th established conservatives and liberals
Generation of 1898 established to execute social and political reforms
growth of industrialization caused more workers to be attracted to the radical solutions of socialism in Anarchism
Italy
Rather than influencing national exam, people states loyal to the family ties
Number of voters increased
Germany
people influenced by nationalism under a bicameral legislature
political democracy failed to develop because of the army and Bismarck
Austria-Hungary
Dual monarchy established under ministry all responsibility
Count Eduard von Taaffee expanded language causing distress (magyarization)
Russia
expanded powers of secret police
advocates of constitutional and social reform were persecuted and districts of Russia replaced under martial law and zemstvos
How were the political trends in Western Europe different from those in Central and Eastern Europe?
Political environment in Eastern Europe was mainly parliamentary or authoritative government. Western Europe was very modernized in that they had democracy, which included things like social welfare